For me, geography is a time machine. The shape of the land sets the dials. Artifacts are keys.
A few days ago I was watching for mammoth hunters out a train window. Climbing through the Rocky Mountains on the California Zephyr, I looked for spear bearers in the bony canyons and pine woods along the eastbound line. I thought I might catch a glimpse of them as they found gaps between glaciers, a way across the mountains where glaciers are now all but gone. They were on their way to Boulder, CO, or at least the Ice Age location of the city when it was a slope of retreating permafrost in a country of mammoths, camels, and giant bears.
In 2009 a landscaping job at a private residence in Boulder turned up a cache of Clovis stone tools dating to around 13,000 years ago. The types of rock found in the cache reveal a route followed in part by the Zephyr up and over the Rockies. Traced back to quarry regions where they were first picked up, the farthest rocks in the cache come from western Wyoming and northeast Utah, 300 miles and many mountains from where they were ultimately dropped. Continue reading


September 14-18, 2015


